IEP 101: what an IEP is and how the process actually works

An IEP (Individualized Education Program) is a legally binding plan for a child who needs specialized instruction at school. It's backed by a federal law called IDEA, and it entitles your child to a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE). Here's how the process works.

1. Request an evaluation, in writing

You can request a special-education evaluation at any time. Do it in writing (email is fine) and keep a copy. The school has a legal timeline to respond. If they refuse, they must give you Prior Written Notice explaining why.

2. The evaluation & eligibility

The school evaluates in all areas of suspected need. A team (including you) then decides if your child qualifies under one of IDEA's categories and needs specialized instruction. Disagree with the school's evaluation? You can request an Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE), sometimes at public expense.

3. The IEP document

If eligible, the team writes the IEP. Key parts:

• Present levels: where your child is now (the baseline everything is measured against).
• Goals: measurable, with how/when progress is tracked.
• Services & minutes: exactly what your child gets and for how long (specialized instruction, OT/PT/speech, etc.).
• Accommodations & modifications.
• Placement / LRE.

4. Your rights

You're an equal member of the team. You can request meetings, bring anyone (including an advocate), get copies of records (FERPA), and consent (or not) to the plan. Everything important should be in writing.

Walk in prepared

Read the current IEP beforehand, write down your concerns, and send a concern letter ahead of the meeting. Our free IEP & Medical Binder Starter Kit keeps it all organized. And if you're not sure whether you need an IEP or a 504 plan, start there.